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Frederik "Frits" Bolkestein (;〔''Frits'' in isolation: (:frɪts)〕 born 4 April 1933) is a retired Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Bolkestein a corporate director by occupation, was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the Dutch general election of 1977 taking office on 16 January 1978. He served as Undersecretary for Foreign Trade from 5 November 1982, until 14 July 1986, in the Cabinet Lubbers I. And again a Member of the House of Representatives from 3 June 1986, until 24 September 1988, when he became Minister of Defence from 24 September 1988, until 7 November 1989, in the Cabinet Lubbers II. He again returned to the House of Representatives on 14 September 1989, and nine months later on 1 May 1990, he became the Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives and the Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy. He served in this position for eight years until 30 July 1998. From 15 September 1999, until 22 November 2004, he was the European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services. In the European Commission, Bolkestein was responsible for internal market taxation and customs union issues. Some of the more politically sensitive items in his portfolio were the draft community patent regulation and the draft directives on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions and services in the internal market, the so-called "Bolkestein Directive", which has become the focus of heated debate. ==Early life and career== Frederik Bolkestein was born on 4 April 1933 in Amsterdam in the Netherlands. His father was president of the Court in Amsterdam. His grandfather, Gerrit Bolkestein, was Minister of Education, Arts, and Sciences to the Dutch government-in-exile of 1939 to 1945. Bolkestein's mother was of Indo heritage.〔Dutch: De Groene Amsterdammer: (De politieke roots van Geert Wilders )〕 Bolkestein attended the Barlaeus Gymnasium in Amsterdam from 1945 to 1951, where he majored in both arts and sciences. Upon completing his gymnasium education, he was an undergraduate in mathematics at Oregon State College from 1951 to 1953. Subsequently he returned to Amsterdam, where he received a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics in 1955.〔 In 1959 he received a master's degree in philosophy and Greek.〔 Bolkestein subsequently received a BSc from The London School of Economics in 1963, and an LL.M. from Leiden University in 1965.〔 During his studies in Amsterdam, Bolkestein was editor for the satirical student magazine ''Propria Cures''. He was also a member of the board of the student union ASVA.〔 Before entering Dutch politics, Bolkestein worked for the oil company Royal Dutch Shell from 1960 to 1975. During this period he was assigned to postings in East Africa, Honduras and El Salvador, Indonesia, the United Kingdom, and France. In Paris, he served on the board of the Shell Chimie from 1973 to 1975. During his tenure with Shell, he completed the first part of the economics program at the London School of Economics in 1964 and he also completed a law degree at Leiden University, graduating in 1965.〔 In 1976, Bolkestein wrote an English language play named ''Floris, Count of Holland'', under the anagrammatic pseudonym of Niels Kobet. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Frits Bolkestein」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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